Blood Pressure Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Circulatory strain - Lab Report Example As the muscles are less extended the power of withdrawal diminishes which decreases the stroke volume. Diminished stroke volume brings about diminished cardiovascular yield and subsequently lessens circulatory strain at first. This is additionally called orthostatic hypotension (decreased blood flexibly to mind because of diminished heart yield causing blacking out). Anyway after at times, baroreceptor react to this diminished blood volume and animates the cardio-quickening agent focus in Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla which cause noradrenergic release. Nor adrenaline at that point follows up on Beta-2 adrenergic receptors on myocardium to build the pulse and power of withdrawal to expand the circulatory strain to ordinary and accordingly looking after homeostasis (Williams et al, 2004). Q2. Investigating the circulatory strain it becomes apparent that despite the fact that there was a drop in mean systolic pulse (114mm Hg sitting versus 111 mm Hg standing, however it was not measurably critical as p esteem was > 0.05), even mean diastolic pulse diminished (76.3 mm Hg sitting versus 73 mm Hg standing yet again it was not factually huge as p esteem was > 0.05). Anyway the mean heartbeat pressure ( distinction among systolic and diastolic) increased(84.6 mm Hg sitting versus 87 mm Hg, however this was likewise not measurably noteworthy as p esteem was > 0.05). This implies out of 100 perceptions in excess of 5 perceptions has occurred because of chance components of irregular examining and change in act has not factually adjusted their circulatory strain. Despite the fact that factually inconsequential it is obviously observed that clinically or physiologically there is decrease of circulatory strain from sitting and standing stances as talked about being refe rred to 1. The expanded heartbeat pressure was because of the reality to repay the decrease in cardiovascular yield and increment the fringe flow (Williams et al, 2004) (Blair et al, 1980). t tests are directed to test the criticalness of contrast between

Morality and Relagion Essay

Ethical quality alludes to a lot of rules that control a person on how one assesses good and bad. Individuals having confidence in religion consider profound quality is formed by religion since they accept that ethical quality can be seen distinctly with regards to religion; along these lines, those strict individuals demand if there were no religion, individuals would be wild. Nonetheless, strict convictions give individuals an off-base meaning of virtue, without a doubt, profound quality is formed distinctly by nature and condition. Despite religion, ethical quality originates from impulse. Individuals are social animals; they need to live in bunches for multiplication and endurance that has not changed at all since the old time. Thinking back to history, individuals live in gatherings to share food, to deal with babies and assemble informal organizations to address the day by day difficulties of their condition. Also, right now, individuals esteem their general public for similar purposes. Despite the fact that the best approach to live has changed for example, in the Stone Age individuals chased and shared nourishments for their living, not at all like individuals who work together for their living these days; they despite everything rely upon one another for generation and endurance. In this way, individuals instinctually need to keep their connection between one another, and ethical quality is framed to keep up the relationship. Subsequently, every individual has profound quality paying little heed to strict convictions. In the event that the strict individuals demand that religions shape ethical quality, non-strict individuals or skeptics shouldn't have profound quality. In any case, those individuals do have profound quality and they can pass judgment on the things right or wrong like others who trust in religion. Besides, individuals who have faith in religion said that the religion shapes profound quality, yet there are such a large number of various religions around the globe. A few people put stock in Christianity, different has faith in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam and so forth. Every religion reveres various Gods, and has distinction conviction frameworks. Christians, for example, put stock in Jesus Christ while Buddhists worship Gautama. Despite the fact that a similar religion, there are various branches. Christianity, for example, has Catholics and Protestants; then again, Buddhism separate to Mahayana and Theravada. In this manner, if the ethical quality is framed base on religion, the meaning of profound quality ought to shift since there are a wide range of areas. In any case, profound quality that individuals use trying to make the best choice is the equivalent. â€Å"Trolley Problem†, posted by Phillipa Foot in her 1967 paper, â€Å"Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect† help for clear comprehension about profound quality (Clark). She was a British thinker, and she clarified if an individual put in situation to decision for sparing five individuals' lives or an individual's life, the person must pick five individuals' lives to spare rather than one regardless of whatever religion the individual in question accepts. In this way, religion doesn't influence ethical quality. In the event that the religions control individuals' virtues, various religions will characterize distinctive virtues, and the appropriate response about â€Å"Trolley Problem† may change. Then again, people as well as creatures have ethical quality. Frans de Waal, Charles Howard Candle educator of Primate Behavior in the Emory University, shared the exploratory outcomes that demonstrated the ethical conduct in creatures. Chimpanzees help each other to get food, and they accommodate in the wake of battling. Those practices essentially show their profound quality (Waal). Since both human and creatures have profound quality, religion that solitary presence in human world couldn't be a wellspring of framing moral. Condition shapes virtues. Religion doesn't influence virtues, yet condition affects since adaption on condition is significant for endurance. Darwin's developmental hypothesis â€Å"Natural Selection† demonstrated that every living being changed to adjust nature. Subsequently, virtue is not quite the same as every condition where individuals live. Western nations are progressively individualistic while Asian nations are increasingly collectivistic. Americans, for instance, uniqueness is a virtue; be that as it may, helping each other is a virtue in China. Mr Meier, ESL 33B teacher, who has an encounter for showing both American and Asian understudies, referenced that American understudies don't willing assistance each other during the test since they trust self-1/2 dependence as a virtue. Complexity, Asian understudies want to help each other during the test since utilizing each other to accomplish their gold is a virtue for Asian nations. Thus, governments engage in characterizing the diverse virtues. The US government has less control on the general public; thusly, individuals have more opportunity, and it prompts improve the confidence as a virtue. Be that as it may, Asian nations, where government carefully controls different angles, have less opportunity and individuals in those nations need to depend on one another to get to their objectives. Along these lines, those individuals view helping each other as a virtue. Furthermore, societies, which coincide in various conditions, likewise characterize the virtues. In Asian societies, individuals are instructed to regard and care senior individuals. Thusly, individuals from Asia think regarding the senior and dealing with those individuals as a virtue. For example, in Japan, national medical coverage framework is running very well since individuals are eager to pay protection charges, which assists senior with peopling who need human services administrations. Individuals consider despite the fact that they needn't bother with wellbeing administrations at the present time, senior individuals who need medicinal services gain the advantages from protection framework, and they are glad to help those individuals by paying month to month protection expenses. In any case, in Western culture, individuals view self-conviction as a virtue, and they don't like to support senior individuals. Along these lines in the US, national medical coverage framework doesn't exist, and despite the fact that President Obama attempted to develop the medical coverage framework, it didn't function admirably in light of various virtues. Along these lines, virtue is essentially identified with condition. Strict convictions intensify the breakdown the ethical quality. Religion controlled its devotees, and individuals having faith in religion will in general accept whatever the guidelines that religion set down. For example, sky entombment, which is happen in Tibetan Buddhism, is the most gross internment way on the off chance that we think from our presence of mind of ethical quality. Human carcasses are set on a peak as a prey for flying creatures, for example, vultures, birds and different foragers. Buddhist priests are exposed to the sky internment funerary. They go to the peak without anyone else to lead the burial service function. In any case, that is typical for individuals who have faith in Tibetan Buddhism since religion shows the adherents â€Å"Humans are a piece of nature. (Individuals) show up on the planet normally and they leave it normally. Life and passing are a piece of a wheel of rebirth. Demise isn't to be dreaded. † (Xinran 159). Thusly, they were constrained by religion to think leading sky internment is the best approach to restore the body back to the nature. Then again, strict conviction touch off the individuals' serious soul that lead to break profound quality. Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is one of the models that straightforward for how strict conviction mix the individuals' serious soul. ISIS, the greatest Islamic psychological militant gathering, endeavors to make another Islamic nation in Middle East. ISIS has quickly extended by assuming control over Iraq and Syria regions. ISIS has murdered such a large number of honest people who don't follow Islam. This indecent conduct happened in light of ISIS, which was made by extraordinary Muslim adherents, who view their religion as the best on the world. They need to spread their religion; accordingly, they power others to turn into a piece of Muslim devotee by utilizing corrupt ways. In this way, strict convictions lead individuals to fall the profound quality. All in all, profound quality is imperative to keep up our general public. Each living life form that relies upon one another to keep up life can't make due without profound quality. Nonetheless, people misjudge that religion shapes ethical quality, yet on the off chance that we think fundamentally, we can comprehend that profound quality is framed not in view of religion but since of intuition and condition. Works Cited Clark, Josh. â€Å"How the Trolley Problem Works. † How Stuff Works. N. p. ,n. d. Web, 24 Oct. 2014. Waal, Frans De. â€Å"Moral Behavior in Animals. † TED. N. p. , Nov. 2011. Web. 24 Oct. 2014 Xinran, Xue. â€Å"Sky Burial. † Sky Burial. New York: Anchor Books, July. 2006. Print. Controlled BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. Organization).

Essay about The Pact of Hindi Films in India Example For Students

Exposition about The Pact of Hindi Films in India Since we have set up appearance of film in India and how a few elements have had an effect on the Bollywood business, the paper will currently investigate the agreement of Hindi movies in India. Through commercialization, Bollywood fortifies the possibility of the significance of realism. All through a film, objects are continually being introduced in some type of item arrangement. As opposed to amusement, Hindi movies are currently being utilized as a methods for notice and promoting. By continually demonstrating films in which an on-screen character is riding a costly vehicle with extravagant garments strengthens the possibility that one needs these costly items. Some even contend that the movies that are being created these days don't have a plot (Rao, 2007). An unmistakable model that shows the significance of commercialization through the film business is discharging tune before the film itself is discharged. As recently referenced, tunes are essential in a Bollywood film. Notwi thstanding, it has gone to a point where the melodies itself are as a rule more significant than the film. By discharging the melodies prior, the film business wins more income from the tune being heard. It is likewise accepted that if individuals like the tunes of the film, they will appreciate the entire film itself. Another model which advances the possibility of realism is plugs that have popular famous people publicizing numerous items. By having acclaimed entertainers and on-screen characters advancing materialistic articles, it permits the crowd to accept that they have to purchase this item to be much the same as the on-screen character or on-screen character. Bollywood has gotten modernized and it is currently utilized as a methods for â€Å"consumption and commercialization† (Rao, 2007) as opposed to amusement. Probably the best effect Bollywood has had over India is the loss of convention and culture. By viewing a Bollywood film, the crowd ought to have the option to find out about Indian individuals and culture. The crowd ought to have the option to perceive significant qualities and the method of living which makes Indian culture not quite the same as another culture. However, during that time the business has become westernized and numerous entertainers are depicted as if they are from a remote nation (Jha Rai, 2011). In numerous ongoing movies, the crowd is just ready to perceive Indian legacy through the language being spoken. Numerous movies don't show the provincial existence of the residents living India (Jha Rai, 2011). Perhaps the greatest change that have happened throughout the years is the measure of skin that females appear in films. One of the parts of Indian culture is the holiness of a woman’s body. Despite the fact that India as a nation is progressing and creating , numerous Indian ladies despite everything keep on wearing conventional apparel like a sari, which is a type of piece of clothing that is hung over the body. Customary Indian people trust it revolting and ill bred for ladies to show a lot of skin to the general population. It is additionally a shame to the family and the lady herself. The idea of marriage is likewise now depicted in an unexpected way. In a few movies, the entertainers conflict with Indian convention by being explicitly dynamic before marriage (Lahiri-Roy, R, 2010). This is unbelievable for conventional Indian individuals since virginity and immaculateness is of incredible incentive to Indian culture (Daiya, 2011). Dating is likewise turning out to be increasingly more typical in films. A significant number of these progressions that have occurred in film, have additionally occurred in India today. More lady have started to work in India and wearing a sari consistently is simply not down to earth since it is tedious. Saris are presently seen to be Indian apparel that it just worn for unique events in the city. However, most ladies in the provincial territories of India keep on wearing a sari consistently. In spite of the fact that India is progressing as a nation, it is losing its custom and culture by getting more westernized. Film likewise partak es in the loss of culture since huge numbers of the social changes are emphatically spoken to in film. To numerous Indian regular folks, Bollywood films have gotten unreasonable and unrelatable. .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d , .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d .postImageUrl , .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d , .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d:hover , .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d:visited , .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d:active { border:0!important; } .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d:active , .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ufee240f578f 3c448766248f5366a1a6d .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ufee240f578f3c448766248f5366a1a6d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Assignment on Standard Chartered Bank EssayA study was led in India in which the specialist talked with people from the age of 22 to 39 years of age to comprehend the reaction of the crowd to the change of Hindi movies (Rao, 2007). During the meeting, the members scrutinize the portrayal of life as some type of substitute reality, wherein the characters are constantly cheerful at long last. Be that as it may, Bollywood films effectively decide to disregard the reasonable perspective in which most of Indians are poor and live in ghettos. Rather, they decide to depict life being loaded up with show however at long last, there is constantly a glad completion. An issue that the people additionally censure the depiction of Non Resident Indians â€NRI†and how they are spoken to in films. Numerous movies speak to the NRI’s as rich and modernized and have a great job. Be that as it may, a model given by one of the members is the truth of NRI’s. During the time where the creator was meeting the individual, her sister was working at the New Jersey Airport as a janitor, which shows the truth of the NRI’s (Rao, 2007). A large number of these people feel just as they can't identify with these movies any longer and they likewise analyze the movies that are currently being discharged to those made in 1950’s. They call attention to that during the 1950’s, executives, for example, Raj Kapoor who is known for making practical movies, would really speak to India in the entirety of its greatness (Rao, 2007). Hence, Bollywood films have gotten ridiculous and unrelatable to a greater part of Indians since these movies to don't depict a sensible part of India. An aftereffect of the modernization of Bollywood would be the sexualization of ladies in tunes. As recently talked about, tunes and move are critical for a Bollywood film to be fruitful in the cinematic world. However, the expansion of thing tunes in films are logically developing (Mohanty, 2010). A thing tune â€also known as thing number-is a melody which has nothing to do with the plot of the film. It fundamentally grandstands a lady, at times a man, in uncovering apparel, while moving to a melody for the joy of the male or female crowd. The lady will move in an alluring and sexual way to satisfy the crowd and through this, she is being sexualized. She is being abused by the film business to and is being exposed to sexual typification. Strikingly, the term thing is really Mumbai slang for a provocative female (Mohanty, 2010). In these thing tunes, numerous ladies are energetically being depicted as sexual articles who are just present for a man’s needs. Through a mental examination one may perceive that the ladies might be having mental issues (Bhugra, 2005). Alfred Adler’s Inferiority Complex hypothesis can be utilized to answer why these females are favoring of being depicted in a sexual way. Through Adler’s point of view, ladies have low confidence and self-esteem since they have consistently been continually debilitated to feel equivalent to a man. This prompts the sentiment of mediocrity to men. In this way, through these thing melodies, lady will attempt to overwhelm men through enchantment and control. End Along these lines, the reason for this paper is to investigate the appearance of film in India and how through time, the Bollywood business has gotten modernized. The paper likewise shows different elements that may have been a consequence of the modernization of the Bollywood business. It is critical to comprehend the centrality of film since it mirrors a society’s culture and it likewise utilized as a way to depict cultural issues. Through

The Beginning Of The Global Financial Crisis Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The stock price plunge and the severe credit crunch we are watching today in the global financial markets are byproducts of the developments in the US six years ago. In late 2001, fears of global terror attacks after 9/11 shook an already struggling US economy, one that was just beginning to come out of the recession induced by the bursting of the dotcom bubble of late 1990s. In response, during 2001, the Federal Reserve, the US central bank, began cutting interest rates dramatically to encourage borrowing, which spurred both consumption and investment spending. As lower interest rates worked their way into the economy, the real estate market began to get itself into frenzy. The number of homes sold and the prices they sold for increased dramatically, beginning in 2002. At the time, the rate on a 30-year fixed rate mortgage was at the lowest levels seen in nearly 40 years. Subprime lending and similar mortgage originations in the US rose from less than 8 percent of all mortgages i n 2003, to over 20 percent in 2006. The crisis began with the bursting of the US housing bubble and high default rates on subprime and adjustable rate mortgages, beginning in approximately 2005-2006. For a number of years prior to that, declining lending standards, an increase in loan incentives such as easy initial terms, and a long-term trend of rising housing prices had encouraged borrowers to assume difficult mortgages in the belief they would be able to quickly refinance at more favorable terms. However, once interest rates began to rise and housing prices started to drop in 2006-2007, in many parts of the US, refinancing became more difficult. Default and foreclosure activity increased dramatically as easy initial terms expired, home prices failed to go up as anticipated, and adjustable rate mortgage interest rates reset higher. Foreclosures accelerated in the United States in late 2006 and triggered a global financial crisis through 2007 and 2008. Initially the compa nies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending. Financial institutions, which had engaged in the securitization of mortgages, fell prey subsequently. An Overview The initial  liquidity crisis  can in hindsight be seen to have resulted from the incipient  subprime mortgage crisis. One of the first victims outside the US was  Northern Rock, a major British bank.  The banks inability to borrow additional funds to pay off maturing debt obligations led to a bank run  in mid-September 2007. The highly  leveraged  nature of its business, unsupportable without fresh infusions of cash, led to its takeover by the British Government and provided an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions. Excessive lending under loosened  underwriting  standards, which was a hallmark of the  United States housing bubble, resulted in a very large number of  subprime mortgages. These high-risk  loans  had been perceived to be mitigated by  securitization. Rather than  justifying  the risk, however, this strategy appeared to have had the effect of broadcasting and amplifying it in a  domino effect. The damage from these failing securitization schemes eventually cut across a large swath of the housing market and the housing business and led to the subprime mortgage crisis. The accelerating rate of  foreclosures  caused an ever greater number of homes to be dumped onto the market. This glut of homes decreased the value of other surrounding homes which themselves became subject to foreclosure or abandonment. The resulting spiral underlay a developing financial crisis. Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial. Financial institutions which had en gaged in the  securitization of mortgages  such as  Bear Stearns, Indy Mac Bank, and Fannie Mae  and  Freddie Mac,  then fell prey. It then began to affect the general availability of credit to non-housing related businesses and to larger financial institutions not directly connected with mortgage lending. At the heart of many of these institutions portfolios were investments whose assets had been derived from bundled home mortgages. Exposure to these mortgage-backed securities, or to the  credit derivatives  used to insure them against failure, threatened an increasing number of firms such as  Lehman Brothers,  AIG,  Merrill Lynch, and  HBOS. Development of the global financial crisis The development of the global financial crisis is a result of a number of complicated and interrelated factors. Starting with the downturn of the housing bubble in the US economy, the fall in the financia l stability in the US, and the rising commodity prices, all of the factors, in one way or other, has initiated the crisis. As stated by the United Nation in its Conference on Trade and Development, and in its Trade and Development Report 2008, the major factors for the crisis are: 1. The bursting of the housing bubbles in the US and in other large economies. 2. The global fallout due to the financial crisis in the United States. 3. The Soaring commodity prices. 4. Increasingly restrictive monetary policies in a number of countries. 5. Stock market volatility. 1) The bursting of the housing bubble in the US With the start of the new millennium, American housing sector has been on the move. The housing sector in the U.S. was in a boom. A combination of low interest rates and large capital inflows from outside the U.S. created a surplus of loanable funds and easy credit for many years. Subprime borrowing also was a major contributor to an increase in home ownership rates and the demand for housing as the owners can easily borrow money to buy houses. The overall US home ownership rate increased from 64  percent in 1994 (about where it was since 1980) to a peak in 2004 with an all time high of 69.2  percent. This demand helped increase the housing prices and increased consumer spending. Between 1997 and 2006, US household debt as a percentage of income rose to 130% during 2007, versus 100% earlier in the decade people were spending more than their income. Overbuilding during the boom period eventually led to a surplus inventory of homes, causing home prices to decline beginning in the summer of 2006. With the assumption that housing prices would still continue to appreciate, many subprime borrowers obtain adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs), after failing to pay. Once housing prices started depreciating moderately in many parts of the US, refinancing became more difficult. Some homeowners were unable to re-finance and began to de fault on loans as their loans reset to higher interest rates and payment amounts. An estimated 8.8 million homeowners have zero or negative equity as of March 2008, meaning their homes are worth less than their mortgage, nearly 10.8% of total homeowners. This provided an incentive to walk away from the home, despite the credit rating impact. Increasing foreclosure rates and unwillingness of many homeowners to sell their homes at reduced market prices have significantly increased the supply of housing inventory available. The sales of new homes dropped by 26.4% in 2007 compared to the previous year. Nearly four million unsold existing homes were for sale, including nearly 2.9 million that were vacant. This excess supply of home inventory placed significant downward pressure on prices. As prices declined, more homeowners were at risk of default and foreclosure. U.S. housing prices had fallen approximately by 18% from their 2006 peak by May 2008. Subprime lending and its market During the boom, the lenders were also willing to lend money to the risky borrowers. Subprime lending is the practice of making loans to borrowers who do not qualify for market interest rates owing to various risk factors, such as income level, size of the down payment made, credit history, and employment status. They were taking high risk, only in expectation of higher return. The value of U.S. subprime mortgages was estimated at $1.3 trillion as of March 2007, with over 7.5 million first-lien subprime mortgages outstanding. Approximately 16% of subprime loans with adjustable rate mortgages (ARM) were 90-days delinquent or in foreclosure proceedings as of October 2007, roughly triple the rate of 2005. By January 2008, the delinquency rate had risen to 21% and by May 2008 it was 25%. Subprime ARMs only represented 6.8% of the loans outstanding in the US, yet they represented 43% of the foreclosures which started during the third quarter of 2007. During 2007, nearly 1.3 million properties were subject to 2.2 million foreclosure filings, up 75% respectively from the previous year 2006. More homeowners continued to receive foreclosure notices, with one in every 519 households receiving a foreclosure filing in April 2008. The estimated value of subprime adjustable-rate mortgages (ARM), resetting at higher interest rates, is U.S. $400 billion for 2007 and $500 billion for 2008. Reset activity is expected to increase to a monthly peak in March 2008 of nearly $100 billion, before declining. Securitization practices Securitization is a structured finance process in which assets, receivables or financial instruments are acquired, classified into pools, and offered as collateral for third-party investment. There are many parties involved. Traditionally, banks lent money to homeowners for their mortgage and retain the risk of default, called credit risk. However, due to this financial innovation called securitization, the credit risk is passed onto other poten tial investors. The securities that the investors purchase are called mortgage backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO). In exchange for purchasing MBS or CDO and assuming credit risk, third-party investors receive a claim on the mortgage assets and related cash flows, which become collateral in the event of default. MBS and CDO asset valuation is complex and related fair value accounting is subject to wide interpretation. Rising mortgage delinquency rate had reduced demand for such assets, lowering the price. Banks and institutional investors had recognized substantial losses as they revalue their MBS downward. Several companies that borrowed money using MBS or CDO assets as collateral have faced margin calls. Major investment banks and other financial institutions had taken significant positions in credit-derivative transactions, some of which served as a form of credit default insurance. Due to the effects of the risks above, the financial health of investment banks had declined, potentially increasing the risk to their counterparties and creating further uncertainty in financial markets. As can be seen from the above details, a number of factors combined to initiate the financial crisis from this housing debacle. The boom resulted in confidence of the consumers in the housing sector. There was overbuilding of houses and building up of inventories. There were speculators investing in the housing sector. There was mortgage fraud. But as the mortgage rate had risen (due to the increasing demand) and people were unable to pay, there were defaults on mortgages. There was then refinancing of these mortgages, and securitization of the unpaid mortgages. But the continuous fall in the price of the house (due to less demand and excess supply) eventually surpassed all expectation. The value of the houses had gone down below the value of the mortgage. There was a big hole in the financial institutions which primarily engaged in sub-pr ime lending. All of it can be blamed to one simple act. People were consuming more than what they were earning. 2) The global fallout due to the financial crisis in US With increase in globalization, the world is now an inter-connected system. All the countries are connected in one way or another. So if one country is affected, then the other countries can also expect some consequences. Just like, if one component of a system is down, then the whole system will collapse. Exactly the same happened. With the turmoil in the American financial system, the other countries experienced volatility to some extent. The major impact was on the stock market. The international trade was also affected. But the main cause lies in the root that all the economies in the world are interconnected with one another. Especially the U.S. economy is linked with most of the major economies in the world. Any impact on U.S. economy will affect the world economy. 3) The Soaring commodity prices Com modity prices have been on the rise from the year 2000 onwards. This mainly is due to the spending power of the people. The standard of living has increased in most of the countries, leading to increased spending. People were consuming a lot. The economy was booming. With increase in output production, there was economic growth. More countries were prospering. But with the growth, there was added inflation in the world economy. With higher consuming and spending pattern, there is increase of money supply in the economy, inflating the inflation rate. In 2008, the rise in the price of the commodities was way too much. The price of oil reached a peak of $147 per barrel. The price of rice, wheat, corn, all went up many folds in the current year. Raw material cost also increased. Rise in inflation has been most in 2008. No wonder people all around the world have been struggling to live a good healthy life. Much of the income are being spent on consuming necessity products, leaving onl y a little portion (or none) of the income as savings. The financial crisis just hit at a time when people were struggling to survive with their normal salary. 4) Monetary policies Central banks are primarily concerned with managing monetary policies; they are less concerned with avoiding Asset Bubbles, such as the housing bubble and dot-com bubble. Central banks have generally chosen to react after such bubbles burst to minimize collateral impact on the economy, rather than trying to avoid the bubble itself. This is because identifying an asset bubble and determining the proper monetary policy to properly deflate it are a matter of debate among economists. A contributing factor to the rise in home prices was the lowering of interest rates earlier in the decade by the Federal Reserve, to diminish the blow of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and combat the risk of deflation. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve of U.S. lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1 .0%. The central bank believed that interest rates could be lowered safely primarily because the rate of inflation was low and disregarded other important factors. The Federal Reserves inflation figures, however, were flawed. Richard W. Fisher, President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, stated that the Federal Reserves interest rate policy during this time period was misguided by this erroneously low inflation data, thus contributing to the housing bubble. So the policies persuaded by the central banks will be limited to the extent to which it is affected to impact the economy. 5) Stock market volatility The stock market has always been a volatile instrument. People react to speculations and react accordingly in the stock market. The market fluctuates with relevant information. There is a high degree of correlation between the market and other financial activities around. So with any sort of negative environment looming around, the market can be expected to be ne gatively affected. The volatility of the market can only be blamed. All these factors led to the birth of the global financial crisis. It started from the US and spread across most of the major world economies. Bailout of the financial system As a response to the financial crisis which has affected the whole worlds economy, the US government decided to implement the Bailout of the financial system. On 17 September 2008, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke advised Secretary of the Treasury, Hank Paulson, that a large amount of public money would be needed in order to stabilize the financial system. On 19 September 2008, the U.S. government announced a plan to purchase large amounts of illiquid, risky mortgage-backed securities from financial institutions, which is estimated to involve at a minimum of $700 billion of additional commitments. This plan also included a ban on short-selling of financial stocks. However, the plan was vetoed by the US congress because some member s rejected the idea that the taxpayers money is used to bail out the Wall Streets investment bankers. The stock market plunged as a result; the US congress amended the bailout plan and finally passed the legislation. Unfortunately, the market sentiment continuously deteriorated and the global financial system almost collapsed. While the market turned extremely pessimistic, the British government launched a 500 billion pounds bailout plan aimed to injecting capital into the financial system. The British government nationalized most of the financial institutions in trouble. Many European governments followed as well as the US government. What is this Bailout process intended to do? ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Improve liquidity: Through the money that has been injected into the economy by the purchase of stocks of the financial institutions, the government has intended to make those institutions recover from the existing crisis. The added cash has helped these financial inst itutions improve their liquidity since they are now more capable of paying off their debt. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Investor confidence: The worst hit institutions from the financial crisis included firms like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Lehman Brothers, and, more recently, American International Group. These companies saw their access to liquidity and capital markets increasingly impaired and their stock prices drop sharply. Due to the bailout process several firms will have improved liquidity and since the U.S. government will have some authority over these firms, investors will have more confidence than before. This will certainly cease the bearish trends noticed in the shares of these institutions. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Avoid Recession: The bailout process will have the same effect as an expansionary fiscal policy. The financial crisis has made a serious dent in the consumer confidence and unless the bailout takes place, this loss of consumer confidence would inevitably lead to a severe recession. Immediate market reactions When news of the bailout proposal emerged on September 19, 2008, the U.S. stock markets rose by approximately 3%. Foreign currencies corrected slightly after having dropped earlier in the month and the foreign stock markets also regenerated. The value of the  U.S. dollar  dropped compared to other world currencies after the plan was announced. The futures contract of oil spiked more than $25 a barrel during the day Monday September 22, ending the day up over $16. This was a record for the biggest one-day gain. Mortgage rates increased following the news of the bailout plan. Before the plan was announced, the 30-year  fixed-rate mortgage  averaged 5.78% in the week and for the week ending September 25, the average rate was 6.09%,  still far below the average rate during the  early 1990s recession, when it topped 9.0%. Impact on the financial institutions The f irst major impact in the US financial system can be highlighted as the collapse of Bear Stearns in March 17, this year. Prior to this year, there have been downfall in the financial market, but majority of those downfall were due to bankruptcy of the sub-prime lending institutions. The rise and the burst of the housing bubble made sure that the sub-prime lenders and other lending institutions, that took a high degree of risk, were out of business. The fall of these institutions did reflect in the stock market, but the effect was not countable. There was no major downfall in the stock market in the previous year. However, things started to change with the beginning of this year. With the cracks in the financial system, there was clear evidence of a financial meltdown, at the beginning of the year. Stock markets were showing a higher degree of volatility, the first of which was observed on the 21st of January. On March 17th, the investment bank Bear Stearns collapsed; its stock pri ce fell from $154 to $3! JP Morgan Chase, with agreement from US government, took over the soaring company. US government earlier injected $30 billion to prevent a default by Bear Stearns, but that did not help much. IndyMac Bank, the largest mortgage lender in the US, also collapsed on July. Till the beginning of September of 2008, the financial system was able to withstand the inner cracks in its system. However, on September 7th, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac was rescued by the US Treasury; $200 billion was injected into the financially stricken mortgage giant. On September 15th, the largest investment bank in America, Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy. Simultaneously, Merrill Lynch was bought by the Bank of America. There was simply lack of liquidity to meet the customers deposit withdrawal, as these large banks lost heavily from the real-estate mortgage saga. This chain of action not only crashed the whole financial system in the country, but also initiated the downtrend in other countries also. In America the stock market plunged deeply with the fall of the two giants. The largest insurance company in the world, American Insurance Group (AIG), saw its share plunge 70%. On September 17th, the US Federal Reserve rescued AIG by injecting $85 billion, and becoming 79.9% stockholder in the company. The two remaining investment banks, Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs, saw their share price rocket down by 24% and 14% respectively. With the pressure of sustaining in the market, both the companies shifted to Holding companies in September 21st. The biggest bank failure in history occurred on September 25th when JP Morgan Chase agreed to purchase the banking assets of Washington Mutual. It is not tough to predict the impact on stock market. With so many large corporations failing one after another, the people of America lost their confidence in the security market. Dow-Jones, NYSE, all other indexes were in downward trends. The fall in the indexes was the highest for a good number of years. The whole of the securities market crashed, as the investors tried to take out their money from the market. All around the world the stock market tumbled. European and Asian stock market plunged between 3% and 5%. In Europe, the Paris CAC 40 index was down 4.32%, London had shed 3.47%, Frankfurt revealed a loss of 3.35% and Madrid dropped 3.18%. The British and the US stock markets had struck the lowest levels for about two years. In Asia, Taiwans stock was down 4.09% and Philippine shares were 4.2% down. Sydney was down 1.8%. Singapore closed down 3.27% and Indian shares tumbled 5.19%. These impacts were a mere reflection of the fact that the world is inter-connected; there is globalization in the world economy. The fall in stock market continued in most of the countries in the following days. As the financial system of the US crashed, other developed countries focused on their economy; especially in their banking sector. With the $700 bil lion bail-out plan in USA taking place, other major developed countries also went for the same strategy. There was now crisis in European banks! The biggest bank in Iceland, Kaupthing filed for bankruptcy; Government took its control. Soon Iceland had to nationalize the 2nd largest bank, LandsBanki, as well as the 3rd largest bank, Glitnir; all within the 1st week of October. Following the debt crisis in Iceland, most of the European banks were under pressure from depositors who were trying to withdraw their money. On the 6th of October, FTSE 100 recorded its biggest ever one-day point fall; it ended 391.1 points lower, down 7.8%. There was further drop in the 10th of October. None of the blue chip stock ended in positive territory. Banks were the biggest losers. The German stock market also experienced the highest fall, owing to the fact that the German banks had investment in the US deregulated banks. In Asian market, the same scenario can be seen. Tokyo suffered the biggest drop in two decades with insurance company going bankrupt as the first casualty. It suffered the biggest daily drop for two decades. The Nikkei was down 9.6% on the 10th of October. Toyota announced fall in sales and Sony announced fall in expected profit the following day; Nikkei went even further down, below 8000 points, for the first time in 22 years. The entire Asian markets plunged as the investors kept on dumping the shares. There was further impact on the European market following the Asian plunge. Londons FTSE 100 index nosedived 10.20 percent to as low as 3,873.99 points, the first time below 4000 points in 6 years. There was more than 10% fall in Frankfurt and Paris. The Dow Jones index plunged 7.33%, closing below 9000 points for the first time, since 2003. There was $68 billion rescue plan by Berlin; and other EU countries followed the pattern. Britain rushed out a package worth  £500 billion to head off a banking collapse. All the money injected to improve the financial instability and gain the confidence of the investors. European governments also started to give guarantee on the public savings, up to the total amount even. Lending between banks has almost dried up. Major central banks in the Europe slashed interest rates assist in solving liquidity crisis. The measures taken by the EU countries seemed to work out in the short run as stock market recovered gradually. Bank of Japan injected $50 billion (approximately) in their banking sector. Other countries in the Asian zone went for guarantying savings and deposits. The Asian market also gained in the following days. Future scenarios The economic downturn which began in 2007 and will continue through 2009 is expected by many analysts to be amongst the most severe in the past 100 years. While the scale of the downturn remains uncertain, the full impact on the real economy has not yet been felt and more bad news is still to come. Although a global rebound is expected in 2010, eve n emerging economies have proven considerably more vulnerable than previously believed, demonstrating the integrated nature of global financial and credit markets. Real GDP growth in more advanced markets such as the USA or UK is projected to rebound from 2009 and stabilize by 2012. Meanwhile, the longer-term trend in key developing markets such as China or India will be a gradual slowdown in growth over the same period. Inflation forecasts are clouded with uncertainty and commodity prices especially those of oil will play a key role in determining the growth outlook for most countries. Regulation in the financial and banking markets is likely to be overhauled in order to prevent a similar crisis reoccurring in the future. Government intervention is set to dramatically alter the banking and financial landscape, at least in the medium-term, and prompt ongoing volatility and uncertainty amongst businesses and consumers worldwide. The financial crisis and the developing worl d For the developing world, the rises in food prices as well as the knock-on effects from the financial instability and uncertainty in industrialized nations are having a compounding effect. High fuel prices, soaring commodity prices together with fears of global recession are worrying many developing country analysts. Summarizing a United Nations Conference on Trade and Development report, the Third World Network notes the impacts the crisis could have around the world, especially on developing countries that are dependent on commodities for import or export: Uncertainty and instability in international financial, currency and commodity markets, coupled with doubts about the direction of monetary policy in some major developed countries, are contributing to a gloomy outlook for the world economy and could present considerable risks for the developing world, the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) said Thursday.ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ Commodity-dependent e conomies are exposed to considerable external shocks stemming from price booms and busts in international commodity markets Market liberalization and privatization in the commodity sector have not resulted in greater stability of international commodity prices. There is widespread dissatisfaction with the outcomes of unregulated financial and commodity markets, which fail to transmit reliable price signals for commodity producers. In recent years, the global economic policy environment seems to have become more favorable to fresh thinking about the need for multilateral actions against the negative impacts of large commodity price fluctuations on development and macroeconomic stability in the world economy. Financial Crisis Likely impact on Bangladesh Bangladeshs economy relies heavily on garment exports. This is where the main risk of global financial turmoil lies. The financial sector especially the stock market is less prone to the global financial crisis because of its l ack of link with the global financial system. According to most scholars, Bangladesh is relatively insulated from the financial side, but vulnerable to potential global economic slowdown, particularly in the US and EU. The foreign exchange reserves of Bangladesh Bank and commercial banks have limited exposure to the securities markets and banking system risk in the US and EU. Foreign capital flows are largely in the form of concessional official lending. FDI and foreign portfolio investments are small. However, Bangladeshs economy relies heavily on garment exports. This is where the main risk lies. Remittances may also be vulnerable. On the positive side, import payments may be favorably affected as a result of declining commodity prices, particularly oil and food. The export sector is potentially the most vulnerable in Bangladesh since it depends heavily on US and EU economies. The readymade garment (RMG) industry accounts for over three quarters of export earnings and dep ends almost entirely on US and EU markets. There is growing concern that a deep and prolonged recession in the US and EU may reduce consumer spending significantly across the board, thus undermining the demand for Bangladeshi exports. BGMEA and BKMEA have indicated that growth in export orders was slow in the first quarter of Fy08. IMF has projected that income growth in Bangladeshs export markets will decline from 1.5 percent in 2008 to 0.5 percent in 2009. If this happens, consumer spending will decline. Although demand for Bangladeshs exports is not too sensitive to income, export prices may decline and this could have significant effects on our export earnings even if export volumes remain largely unaffected. There is unlikely to be any direct immediate impact on remittances. Remittances in Bangladesh proved to be resilient during previous financial crises in the world. The bulk (over 60 percent) of Bangladeshs remittances come from the Middle East, and less than one-third come from the US, UK and Germany. Strong remittance growth (44 percent) has continued in the first quarter of FY09. However, if a deep and protracted recession ensues in the US and EU, then the Middle-Eastern economies are likely to be adversely affected. Stock markets in important Middle-Eastern economies have already started to crash. Even if the current nearly $8 billion level of remittances is sustained, it would be challenging to maintain its growth momentum since 2001 if the world economy remains depressed for an extended period. Official aid flows may take a hit. Governments in rich donor countries are doling out massive amounts to rescue their domestic financial institutions. They may look for savings from other sources to finance these bailouts. Foreign aid budget is relatively easy to cut since the foreign aid recipients do not count as their voters. Import is probably the one channel through which Bangladesh may benefit. Import payments in August have reportedly been US$531 million lower than import payments in July. This decline in import payments is mainly due to the fall in prices of petroleum products, wheat and edible oil. Record high oil prices last year raised import payments to over US$20 billion in FY08, compared to slightly over US$15 billion in payments in FY07. The gains on account of reduced import payments can be sizable. Bangladeshs remarkable resilience so far to this ongoing global financial crisis and slowing growth in high-income countries is in large part because of the countrys relative insulation from international capital markets and the negligible role played by foreign portfolio investors in the country. This resilience also derives from sound policy framework and macroeconomic fundamentals. However, investor psychology is much less insulated than the capital market itself, as demonstrated by the sudden increase in volatility in Dhaka and Chittagong Stock Exchanges Sunday (October 12). The overall financial leverage in Bangladesh is low. Unlike the global financials, Bangladeshs banking system has no toxic derivative engagements. Barring a prolonged slowdown in the world economy leading to a drastic reduction in RMG exports, it is highly unlikely that the external shocks will increase the risk of asset quality problems or precipitate a credit crunch in Bangladesh. This is due to Bangladeshs low level of external debt, robust international reserves, and limited direct exposure to the international financial system. Low level of global integration shields Bangladesh from the global financial turmoil. However, Bangladesh is far from being completely insulated. Its heavy dependence on US and EU markets for merchandize exports is a real source of vulnerability as are remittances and foreign aid, though may be to a lesser extent. There is therefore no alternative to stronger policy vigilance and preparedness. Policy makers have to make sure that markets do not panic by continuously pro viding evidence on the economys resilience in various sectors. They must proactively monitor the channels through which the global financial turmoil may start creeping into the Bangladesh economy and take appropriate mitigation measures. Inflation has recently been the biggest macro policy challenge in Bangladesh. With the aggravation of the financial turmoil we have seen a sharp decline in global commodity prices. This makes the inflation battle a little easier for Bangladeshi policymakers. But new policy dilemmas are likely to emerge if export earnings begin to slow down and currencies of Bangladeshs competitor countries depreciate. This will put exchange rate policy under pressure to maintain export competitiveness. Market interventions aimed at depreciating the currency will dilute through declining international commodity prices to domestic prices and, consequently, undermine the objective of reducing inflation from its current double-digit level. CONCLUDING REMARKS As a matter of fact, a number of areas requiring policy intervention directed towards raising the competitiveness of Bangladeshs export-oriented sector and enhancing trade related capacity building have already been identified and put on the table. The task now is to seriously get on with the business of implementing the agenda. The upshot of the above discussion is to reemphasise that in the coming months and years Bangladeshs increasingly globalised economy will, of necessity, have to be adequately prepared to face the consequences of the fluctuating fortunes of the global economy. The current crisis facing Bangladeshs export sector should transmit appropriate signals to the countrys policy makers to the effect that greater integration into the global economy is not an unqualified blessing. Bangladesh cannot afford to be a passing taker in the globalisation process. We must strengthen our capacity to participate in global integration to a point where it can improve the terms on w hich we participate in this process. The price to be paid from globalisation will rise in direct proportion to the degree of the countrys lack of preparedness. A different school of thought According to us the global financial might not decrease our RMG export and in the contrary increase it. Bangladesh specializes in producing garments that are very low priced clothes that are for everyday use, which are not the high end designer clothe type. If we consider these products to be inferior goods whose demand decreases as income increases it good news for Bangladesh. Because of the global financial crisis if peoples income in the developed countries decline, their purchasing power will also decrease implying that they will shift their demand towards the cheap, inferior products the products that Bangladesh is exporting. As a result the volume of export from Bangladesh should increase and ultimately help our economy to grow better even during the global financial crisis. To captur e this golden opportunity Bangladeshi government must intervene and devaluate our currency so that export becomes more lucrative since foreign currencies, such as the USD is getting weaker in comparison to Bangladeshi Taka. But there is a cost for everything. In one hand when devaluating our currency can increase our exports it will also increase our inflation and make life difficult for our citizens. It is up to the government to decide the costs and benefits of such a policy which will be beneficial to our countrys economic health in the long run.

Conjugating Key French Verbs Avoir, Être, & Faire

The French verbs avoir (to have), à ªtre (to be) and faire (to do or make) are the three most used and, thus, most important verbs in the French language. They are used in some of the ways that we do in English as well as in many idiomatic expressions. Conjugations for all three of these verbs are irregular. In the table below, youll see the present tense conjugated for each verb and links to the full, detailed conjugations of each. Avoir  Uses   Avoir, which  means to have in most senses, has many uses.  Avoir à  Ã‚  can mean to have to, but that expression is more commonly translated by  devoir. Avoir  is the  auxiliary for most French verbs  in the  compound tenses,  as in  Jai dà ©jà   à ©tudià ©. (I have already studied.)   Jai un livre. I have a book.Nous avons une voiture.   We have a car.Jai mal à   la tà ªte.   I have a headache.Jai une idà ©e.   I have an idea.Jai à ©tà © eu.   Ive been had (tricked). Avoir  Expressions Avoir  is used in a number of  idiomatic expressions, many of which are translated by the English verb to be: Jai 30 ans.   I am 30 years old.Jai soif.   I am thirsty.Jai froid.   I am cold.Il y a...   There is/are... Être  Uses   Être, which means to be in most instances,  is used in idiomatic expressions, as an auxiliary verb for some verbs in the  compound tenses,  and for the  passive voice. Note that even though  Ãƒ ªtre  is the French equivalent of to be, there are certain expressions in which you have to use  avoir  or  faire  to translate to be.It is used with  adjectives,  nouns, and  adverbs  to describe a temporary or permanent state of being, such as:  Il est beau (He is handsome).Être  is also used to describe someones  profession, as in:  Mon pà ¨re est avocat  (My father is a lawyer).And  Ãƒ ªtre  can be used with the  preposition  Ãƒ  Ã‚  plus a  stressed pronoun  to indicate  possession, like this:  Ce livre est à   moi (This is my book).When talking about the  weather, French uses the verb  faire  (to do/make) rather than  Ãƒ ªtre, as in:  Quel temps fait-il?  (Hows the weather?) Être  Expressions Theres a long list of idiomatic expressions using  Ãƒ ªtre.  Here are a few: à ªtre bien dans sa peau  Ã‚  to be at ease/comfortable with oneselfà ªtre dans la mouise  (familiar)   to be flat brokeà ªtre dans son assiette  Ã‚  to feel normal, like oneselfà ªtre de   to be at/in (figuratively)à ªtre en train de   infinitive   to be (in the process of) present participleà ªtre sur son trente et un  Ã‚  to be dressed to the ninesen à ªtre   to take part inà §a mest à ©gal  Ã‚  its all the same to me  cest   it is  cest   date  Ã‚  its (date)cest-à  -dire  Ã‚  that is, i.e., I meanCest la vie!  Ã‚  Thats life! Faire: Uses Faire  is used in numerous idiomatic expressions and in the causative construction.  Faire  means to do and to make in most senses that these verbs are used in English, as in  Je fais la lessive  (Im doing the laundry).In French, one takes (not makes) a decision; the expression is  prendre une dà ©cision,  as in:  Jai pris une dà ©cision  (I made a decision). And  when to make is followed by an adjective, it is translated by  rendre, as in:  Ãƒâ€¡a me rend heureux. (That makes me happy). Faire: Expressions Faire, like avoir and  Ãƒ ªtre,  is used in many, many idiomatic expressions. Here are a few: 2 et 2 font 4  (math)   2 plus 2 equals 4faire infinitive  (causative)   to cause something to happen, as inLe froid fait geler leau.   Cold makes water freeze.faire beau or mauvais  (weather expressions)Il fait beau or  il  fait beau temps   Its nice weather / out.Il fait mauvais temp or il fait mauvais temp The weather is bad.  faire attention à     to pay attention to, watch out forfaire bon accueil   to welcomefaire de la peine à   quelquun   to hurt someone (emotionally or morally)faire de lautostop   to hitchhikefaire des bà ªtises to get into mischieffaire une bà ªtise   to do something stupid Simple Present Tense of Avoir, Être, and Faire   Avoir Être Faire j'/je ai suis fais tu as es fais il a est fait nous avons sommes faisons vous avez à ªtes faites ils ont sont font

Noise Pollution - 1508 Words

Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human, animal or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life. The word noise comes from the Latin word nauseas, meaning seasickness. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly construction and transportation systems, including motor vehicle noise, aircraft noise and rail noise.[1][2] Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential area. Indoor and outdoor noise pollution sources include car alarms, emergency service sirens, mechanical equipment, fireworks, compressed air horns, groundskeeping equipment, barking dogs,†¦show more content†¦Zebra finches become less faithful to their partners when exposed to traffic noise. This could alter a populations evolutionary trajectory by selecting traits, sapping resources normally devoted to other activities and thus lead to profound genetic and evolutionary consequences.[15] ------------------------------------------------- [edit]Impact in the United Kingdom Figures compiled by Rockwool, the mineral wool insulation manufacturer, based on responses from local authorities to a Freedom of Information Act (FOI) request reveal in the period April 2008 – 2009UK councils received 315,838 complaints about noise pollution from private residences. This resulted in environmental health officers across the UK serving 8,069 noise abatement notices, or citations under the terms of the Anti-Social Behaviour (Scotland) Act. In the last 12 months, 524 confiscations of equipment have been authorised involving the removal of powerful speakers, stereos and televisions. Westminster City Council has received more complaints per head of population thanShow MoreRelatedCauses of Noise Pollution4614 Words   |  19 PagesCauses of noise pollution We are bombarded with sound even when we live in rural areas. From crop dusters to large farm equipment, we have plenty of sound in the country. In the urban areas, we not only have sound that is produced at unnatural decibel levels, the sound is reflected from hard surfaces that form at every kind of angle. We go to theaters and concerts where the ability to magnify sound has developed in incredible ways. We listen on headphones, where sound is not only concentrated, butRead More Noise Pollution Essay5677 Words   |  23 PagesNoise Pollution Abstract No one on earth can escape the sounds of noise- an unwanted, disturbing sound that causes a nuisance in the eye of the beholder. Noise is a disturbance to the human environment that is escalating at such a high rate that it will become a major threat to the quality of human lives. In the past thirty years, noise in all areas, especially in urban areas, have been increasing rapidly. There are numerous effects on the human environment due to the increase in noiseRead More The Effects of Noise Pollution Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Noise Pollution Have you ever considered that several of the noises you hear are noise pollution? The thought of pollution, to the majority of people, brings reflections of chemical spills, radiation, and holes in the ozone layer, and noise is usually last on the list. The term noise pollution is the term used to describe environmental pollution that deals with annoying or harmful noises and is constantly happening(1). Some common examples of noise pollution, that many peopleRead MoreNoise Pollution Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagestypes of pollution such as water pollution, air pollution, solid waste, radioactive and nuclear energy, and lastly noise pollution. Noise pollution, or environmental noise, is displeasing sound created by humans, animals, or machines, that disrupts the activity or balance of domestic and animal life. The most common source of the pollution is brought on worldwide by transportation systems that include motor vehicle noise, aircraft noise and rail noise. Other sources that cause the pollution, both indoorRead MoreProblems Associated With Urban Noise Pollution1861 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Urban noise pollution is causing increased health risks in the population. 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Four-cycle engines can replace much noisier two-cycle engines in such products as lawnmowers, motorboats, and jet skis. Labels that indicate the noise levels of appliances and tools can help consumers avoid noisy products and choose quieter alternatives. EvenRead MoreCauses and Effects of Noise Pollution909 Words   |  4 PagesCauses And Effects Of Noise Pollution Noise can be defined as an unwanted or undesired sound. Decibel is the standard unit for measurement of sound. Usually 80 db is the level at which sound becomes physically painful. And can be termed as noise. Humans, animals, plants and even inert objects like buildings and bridges have been victims of the increasing noise pollution caused in the world. Be it human or machine-created, noise disrupts the activity and balance of life. While traffic dons theRead MoreHow To Prevent Noise Pollution1001 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Noise Pollution? Noise is essentially unwanted information or sharp changes in tones. Noise pollution is the act of creating noise. Noise is measured in decibels: 0 decibels is silent, 0 to 70 decibels is moderate, 70 to 80 decibels is the volume where noise can start becoming problematic. 80 to 120 decibels is considered loud noise and exposure at these levels for extended periods can cause permeant hearing loss. Therefore it is important to reduce noise pollution and your exposure to

Plain View Open Fields free essay sample

Today a high percentage of the arrests done by law enforcement are from seized evidence that was in plain view and does not come under the Fourth Amendment. The plain view doctrine states that items that are within the sight of a police officer who is legally in a place from which the view is made may properly be seized without a warrant as long as such items are immediately recognizable as subject to seizure (Criminal Procedure: Law and Practice 2004). In other instances police can also seize evidence that is in open fields. The open fields doctrine holds that items in open fields are not protected by the Fourth Amendment’s guarantee against unreasonable searches and seizures, so they can properly be taken by an officer without a warrant or probable cause (Criminal Procedure: Law and Practice 2004). The plain view doctrine has three requirements that must be met before the evidence can be introduce as evidence. We will write a custom essay sample on Plain View Open Fields or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These three requirements are that the officer has to be aware of the item through use of sight, must be legally in the place from which the evidence is seen, and it must be immediately apparent that the evidence is subject to seizure. Any object falling under plain view of a police officer and who has a right to be in a position to have that view of the item it can be seized and introduce as evidence (Harris v. United States, 390 U. S. 234 [1968]). The scenario states that during routine patrol two police officers witnessed a man running and swinging a purse in his right hand. A woman was running and yelling behind this man to stop and return the purse back to her. Both officers then gave chase of the suspect and led them to a public alley used for trash collection between the houses. The man continued running and dropped the purse. The officers then lost sight of the suspect as he turned into another alley to another street. While the officers were walking back to the dropped purse one of the officers heard screaming from within a break walled backyard. The officer walked over to the wall and was able to see two juveniles in a fistfight. Their clothes were ripped, their eyes swollen, and their faces were bleeding. The officer entered the property through an open gate and broke up the fight. The officer observed several plastic baggies containing a white powdery substance on a patio table. The officer called the boys’ parents walking towards the patio’s screen door. A woman, dressed in a nightgown exited the house and immediately started explaining the baggies on the table. The officer then arrested the woman for possession of narcotics. After the backyard was secured the other officer continued to the location where the purse was drooped. As he retrieved the purse the officer observed marihuana cigarettes among its spilled contents. The officer seized the evidence and arrested the purse’s owner. The scenario is self explanatory and covers in my opinion both doctrines in at list one of the situations. When the officers were walking back to recover the purse one of the officers heard screaming. He approached the area where the screams were coming from and observed a crime being committed in his presence which was fight between two juveniles. The first requirement of the plain view doctrine was covered because he was legally inside the property due to the fight. Just as he went inside the property he observed the baggies containing a white powdery substance, which made him aware of the item through the use of sight. When the officer contacted the woman she immediately tried to justify herself, she in effect admitted of having knowledge of the drugs. The officer immediately seized the baggies containing the white powdery substance and arrested the woman for drug possession. The officers immediately recognize the items as to being drugs without the result of further examination and seized the evidence. The officer had probable cause to believe that the baggies contained narcotics and the seizure was justified under plain view (Texas v. Brown, 460 U. S. 730 [1983]). All three of the requirements were met therefore the seizure was legal. In this scenario the open field doctrine does not apply because residential yards and fenced areas are not included in the doctrine. Once the officers secured the backyard scene where they recovered the baggies of drugs and arrested a woman, one of the officers continued to the location of the dropped purse. As he retrieved the purse he recognized marihuana cigarettes among its spilled contents. The marihuana cigarettes were in plain view of the officer and covered the three requirements of the plain view doctrine. He had sight of the evidence; he was legally in the place from where the evidence was recovered, and recognized the evidence as to being marihuana (Texas v. Brown, 460 U. S. 730 [1983]). Not only plain view applies, but also open fields doctrine may apply in this scenario because the evidence seize was recovered in a public place which is not associated with the sanctity of a man’s home, and the privacies of life.